A male condom is a slim sheath fitted over the erect penis. Kept in place throughout vaginal, oral or anal sex, it is an effective means of shielding both partners from sexually transmitted infections (STIs) and a dependable way to prevent pregnancy.

Most condoms are made from latex, although polyurethane and lambskin versions are also produced. Latex and polyurethane give the strongest barrier against STIs.

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Male condoms are inexpensive, simple to use and sold almost everywhere. They come in assorted lengths, widths, shapes, thicknesses and colours, with or without lubricant, and some carry texturing aimed at added sensation.

People use them for several reasons: to avoid unplanned pregnancy and to guard against infections such as chlamydia, gonorrhoea, syphilis, HIV/AIDS, trichomoniasis and bacterial vaginosis. Others simply prefer them, or have grown used to them.

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Some men, however, dislike condoms outright. They say the fit is uncomfortable, which makes the choice a matter of personal preference. And condoms are not only for men — female condoms are inserted inside the body.

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This article sets out the downsides that can come with condom use.

1. Latex sensitivity

Latex features in a great many condoms. It is a fluid drawn from rubber trees, and the protein it contains triggers allergic reactions in some users. Such reactions are uncommon, but they do occur. Symptoms range from sneezing, hives, itching, a runny nose and dizziness to anaphylaxis, which can be life-threatening. Anyone with a latex allergy should choose synthetic condoms instead.

2. Exposure to other STDs

The condom’s reputation for blocking HIV and other sexually transmitted infections is well established, but what about the skin it does not cover? A condom’s length and width leave parts of the skin exposed, creating a route for conditions such as scabies and molluscum contagiosum to pass between partners.

3. Unplanned pregnancy

No condom user should assume pregnancy is impossible. Why do 15 out of every 100 women still conceive while relying on condoms? A condom is quite likely to tear during sex. Failure to use one correctly, or reusing the same condom, adds further risk. Caution is therefore wiser than overconfidence.

4. General risks

Male condoms are broadly regarded as safe and effective, though a few points deserve attention:

Condoms can set off a latex allergy. Reactions may include rashes, hives and a runny nose, and in serious cases narrowing of the airways and a drop in blood pressure. If you or your partner is allergic to latex, a polyurethane or lambskin condom may be an option.

No condom is foolproof. Even with one in use, a risk of infection or pregnancy remains, particularly when it splits or slips off during sex.